HW4.6

Question-

1.What was Reagan's 'brand' of Conservatism in the US, 1980s?
2.Did Reagan's Policies fit that 'brand'?



REAGAN'S POLICIES DIDN'T FIT THE 'BRAND'

According to Schweikart, Reagan ran on three simple promises: he would revive the economy through tax cuts and deregulation, cutting the size of government; he would wage the cold war with renewed vigor; and he would address the nation's energy problems by seeking market solutions.
The result of Reagan’s budget cuts were that 350,000 people lost Social Security disability benefits. (Zinn) Also, unemployment increased which caused over 16 million Americans to lose their medical insurance. (Zinn)
Reagan spent trillions of dollars to build up its military by arguing that the Soviet Union was also building up its military forces to invade the West. However, George Kennan, the former ambassador to the Soviet Union said this fear had no basis in reality. (Zinn)
Although renewable energy sources (water, wind, sunlight) could produce more usable energy than nuclear plants, the Reagan administration made a 90 percent cut in research into renewable energy possibilities. (Zinn)

Historical Investigation Part D: Analyze

Soviet exploitation of Korean nationalism caused by the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917, together with Soviet mobilization of Siberia-based Koreans, thus producHised the first Korean political movement to operate under Red banners. This abrupt inflow of “Communism” into Korean in the early era was precarious so even the concept of Communism was hazy for most of people in North Korea. (Scalapino / Lee 4). Moreover, even the some of members in a communism party in North Korea in the late of 1930s didn’t seized what Communism is because they were convinced by his schoolmate, closest friends, or brothers to do so; “Kim mentioned that the majority of the new members did not understand the party and the meaning of communism when they joined it. It was only afterwards that they could be educated.” (Koon 66) Although the Communism Parties’ leaders tried to instruct the new recruits who predominantly were consisted of peasants or workers about principle of democratic centralism, it didn’t work out well because there were even no divergence of ideologies. (Koon 66) The peasants and farmers purpose was possessing their own land since Korea was a agrarian country without knowledge of Communism. (Scalapino / Lee 44-45) Therefore, when Kim Il-sŭng started the collectivization of lands, there were lots of discontent with that, even in the Communism party; “The Korean peasants' desire to possess land was so deep-rooted that the Korean communists raised only the banner, "Land to Tillers!" Never before had they advocated collectivization in which the peasants would turn into employees of the state……Recognizing the deep desire of the peasants to remain landowners, "some comrades" in the party, as acknowledged by Kim Il-sŭng, opposed even the thought of collectivization.” (Koon 107) While some Communism parties are not unified well, however, there were also a pure Communism party called, The Communist Party of Korea (KCP) that think Communism as a primary value; “the KCP had remained essentially a “thought society,” that is, is consisted of people who were busy thinking about Communism rather than engaging in the struggle against imperialism and feudalism.” (Scalapino Lee 118). However, there were just few intellectuals who had learned about Communism, the party didn’t appeal to citizens in the North Korea.

HW4.4

MIDDLE-AGED RICH MEN AND FEMINISTS WHO HAD UPHELD NO FAULT DIVORCE LAW ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR HIGH DIVORCE RATES IN THE 1970S


First, the middle-aged rich men who had supported No Fault Divorce law caused the divorces. They wanted to be dissolved to have younger women than their wives which was called, Jennifer Fever. It was possible because of their wealth and there was no biological discord, contrast to women. (A PATRIOT’S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES by Schweikart)

Secondly, Feminists tried to find their liberty through No Fault Divorce law. Some married middle-class women felt emptiness and meaninglessness about their lives and tried to being free from housework and find their own life. One of the women who became a feminist, Betty Friedan wrote in her book, The Feminine Mystique, “Sometimes a woman would say , “I feel empty somehow . . . incomplete." Or she would say, "I feel as if I don't exist." Sometimes.... "A tired feeling ... I get so angry with the children it scares me. ... I feel like crying without any reason."”

Added paragraph; Episode of All In The Family

Popular TV shows from the 1970s show that a 'woman's place' in society at that time meant change in divorce laws were needed. In the show, the conservative householder, Archie responds, "Women's place is till in the home!", when his daughter told him that she is applying for a job. It symbolizes that there were still stereotype of women and It had suffocated them at that time.

HW4.3

INSTINCTIVE RICH OLD MEN, FEMINISTS, AND LAW MAKERS ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR HIGH DIVORCE RATES IN THE 1970S


First, the behavior of men that looking for younger women than their current wives caused the divorces. The wealthy old men could attract some younger women with their money. However, it hadn’t worked for old women by biological reason unless they are rich enough to attract them.

Secondly, Feminists wanted to get their rights back as individual, not wives or mothers. Some married middle-class women felt emptiness and meaninglessness about their lives and tried to being free from housework and find their own life through the divorce.

Lastly, No Fault Divorce, made by law makers, caused lots of unreasonable divorces. Since it didn’t required to submit the evidence that the respondent had committed a breach of the marital contract. Besides, it had limited the potential legal defenses of a respondent who would prefer to remain married.

Added paragraph; Episode of All In The Family

Popular TV shows from the 1970s show that a 'woman's place' in society at that time meant change in divorce laws were needed. In the show, the conservative householder, Archie responds, "Women's place is till in the home!", when his daughter told him that she is applying for a job. It symbolizes that there were still stereotype of women and It had suffocated them at that time.

HW4.2

Thesis Statement

“Who is to blame for America’s trend toward high divorce rates, starting in the 1970s?”



First, the behavior of men that looking for younger women than their current wives caused divorces. The wealthy old men could attract some younger women with their money. On the other hand, old women were not a big interest for younger men unless they are rich enough to attract them by biological reason.

Secondly, married women felt emptiness and meaninglessness about their lives and tried to being free and find their own life as divorcing with their husbands. Because what they all did during the days were doing housework and taking care of their children and about family account, spending most of time at home.

Thererfore, the responsibility about high divorce rates is on rich old men who have obeyed their instincts and married women who have looked for their freedom.

HW4.2

In the 1970s, a journalist named Tom Wolfe called that period, "The Me Decade and the Third Great Awakening", which means Self-improvement and Spirituality. American people tried to remodel and elevate themselves and the period also became a motivation for WASPs (white Anglo-Saxon Protestants) to find their Identities.

Rough Draft of Part B of the Historical Investigation

The purpose of this study is to trace the development of Communism in Korea from its inception to the present, and to analyze the contemporary North Korean Communist system (Scalapino / Lee vii)

One must never forget, moreover, that in this era the concept of communism was very obscure to most people. Imprecision and confusion dominated the ideological scene; to each recruit, the idea of communism held a different meaning and appeal.( Scalapino / Lee 4)

Nationalism was the only common bond among men who professed political beliefs from conservatism to communism. (Scalapino / Lee 12)

Yi was furious, and later supervised the drafting of a petition that equated the Provisional Government with the Korean Communist Party, and promised to assume the responsibility of spreading communism among the Koreans. (Scalapino / Lee 12)

Additional works on socialism and communism, some of them from British Labour Party sources, were also translated and distributed. (Scalapino / Lee 22)

Meanwhile, disillusionment grew rapidly among those Koreans who had seen Communism primarily as a vehicle to achieve Korean independence. (Scalapino / Lee 35)

it was decided that the Korean revolutionary movement should be conducted by supporting the Provisional Government, encouraging and modifying it; and that since Korea was an agrarian country without knowledge of communism, the emphasis should be upon nationalism, with the peasants as primary targets. (Scalapino / Lee 44-45)

Communism in Asia has in fact been most successful where it has been able to integrate and interact with nationalism on a continuing basis. (Scalapino / Lee 62)

Communism had come to the Far East as a movement promising the liberation of colonial peoples, and this alone could arouse many a patriot. (Scalapino / Lee 63)

Communism, moreover, promised something beyond the liberation of colonies, namely, the liberation of man. It catered to men desirous of drastic change, and a number of Koreans, especially from the petty intellectual class, were in that category. (Scalapino / Lee 63)

Unable to become a vanguard party of the masses, the KCP had remained essentially a "thought society," that is, it consisted of people who were busy thinking about Communism rather than engaging in the struggle against imperialism and feudalism. (Scalapino / Lee 118)

Many Koreans came to Communism during their schooling in Japan, and the prominent Japanese Communists of this period all had their devoted Korean disciples. (Scalapino / Lee 135)

Again, it must be reiterated that the distinction between Communism and nationalism was extremely hazy among almost all Koreans at the grass-roots level, especially since anti-colonialism was one of the most prominent and persistent of the Communist themes. (Scalapino / Lee 140)

Nevertheless, by the mid-1930s, Communism in Japan had been reduced to a mere shadow. Only the legacy of Koreans as "prone to radicalism and violence" remained against the backdrop of the Japanese militarist era. (Scalapino / Lee 189)

Kim Il-sŏng, however, was by no means alone among Communists in being talented and dedicated. It would be possible to describe in such a fashion at least a hundred Koreans of this period who at one point or another committed themselves to Communism. (Scalapino / Lee 229)

For every recruit who came to Communism through reading Marxist literature, or because he had become convinced that the Party offered the best hope for national liberation or rapid socioeconomic change, another recruit entered because his schoolmate, closest friend, or brother persuaded him to do so. (Scalapino / Lee 231)

One other major consideration deserves some further analysis here. Korean Communism, like other aspects of Korean politics in the period before 1945, had had to find its bases and sources of support wherever it could. (Scalapino / Lee 231)

After 1928, Korean Communism was once again forced out of its homeland. (Scalapino / Lee 231)

The shape of Korean Communism could not help being affected powerfully by these facts. (Scalapino / Lee 232)

Once again, it should be emphasized that even among the so-called intellectual class, there was little understanding of the meaning of Communism, or of the distinction between Communism, Democratic Socialism, and Liberal Democracy. One must not impose on the Korean politics of this era the views and vantage points of another culture or intelligentsia. (Scalapino / Lee 240)

Once political roles have been clearly allocated among the elite, and the organizational structure has been firmly implanted, effective challenges against the leader are vastly more difficult to mount. This is especially true of the Stalinist model of communism, which allocates public prestige and private power to the key political figure in such a fashion as to make his overthrow extraordinarily difficult, barring some major catastrophe. (Scalapino / Lee 382)

Since Communism was not firmly established in the north in that era, the Party should show leniency toward them and cease discriminating against their families, except to exercise care in regard to foreign travel. (Scalapino / Lee 474)

The intellectual became separated from his cultural roots, progressively dissatisfied and hence available to a revolutionary movement like Communism. (Scalapino / Lee 496)

And for the Communists, the task of rebuilding their organization below the 38th parallel was a formidable one, particularly since there were now millions -- both northerners and southerners -- who had lived under Communism and wanted no more of it. (Scalapino / Lee 548)

In the same way that Kim Il Sung built a Confucian influenced hereditary family-state in North Korea and called it communism. (Cumings 64)

SE2.HW8

QUOTE: “Non-violent resistance to injustice was a good strategy for southern civil rights leaders.”

- Agree

Non-violent protests are good method to bring a change. African American students in college insisted on serving their order at a lunch counter in the Woolworth's drugstore in Greensboro and on July 25, 1960, the first African American ate at there. Therefore, non-violent protests produce a good consequence without violence.


-Disagree

Non-violent resistances cause meaningless deaths or injures of people. On May,4 1961, seven blacks who were on the Freedom Rides, attacked by a white mob and the buses could be operated as federal marshals escorted them. Therefore, it's not fair to say that Non-violent resistance was an effective strategy.

SE2.HW7

1. It was popular (by Robert A. Scalapino, Chong-Sik Lee)

In 1948, Russian power and influence were still omnipresent over the North Korea and political form, Stalinist model of communism was popular in politic; allocating public prestige and private power to the key political figures to stay safe from overthrowing by others.

- Reference

http://www.questiaschool.com/read/56853452#

2. It was not popular (by KOON WOO NAM)

Although three major Korean Communism groups in the North Korea (the native communist group, the Yenan faction, and the Soviet-returned group) had previous anti-Japanese revolutionary records, none had been able to crush the Japanese rule which might have entitled one of them to be the ruling body of liberated Korea.

- Reference

http://www.questia.com/read/93738934?title=The%20North%20Korean%20Communist%20Leadership%2c%201945-1965%3a%20A%20Study%20of%20Factionalism%20and%20Political%20Consolidation

REPAIR

Repaired draft for Sem2.HW2

Suspecting and convicting someone without sufficient evidence can't be justified. The House of Un-American Activities Committee in 1947, blacklisted people known as Hollywood Ten for the reason that they just refused to answer the committee’s questions. This method the US used to contain the spread of Communism can't be justified.

Sem2. HW6

What arguments could be made FOR and AGAINST this statment: "America's poor, in the mid 20th century, were mostly responsible for their own problems."

1.FOR

Too low wages for paupers was a dilemma, couldn’t break away from poverty. Besides, poverty line, guaranteeing the minimum wages system was not efficient because of argument about its standard. Middle-class citizens weren’t aware of the real situation, because there were little chances to meet each other by geographic reason.

2. AGAINST

Among the poor people, over 8,000,000 people are sixty-five years. They didn’t go out of their rent houses and ‘Out of sight, out of mind’ was realized. Also discrimination limited where minorities could work and live. Housing of Act 1949, the solution to problem failed because of shortage of land.

SE2.HW5

Q for 40.2: “How real was the threat of Communist spies within the USA?”


The threat of Communism spies was similar to the Salem witch trials. House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) did investigation about subversive activities and all they found were some people in Hollywood who may have been communism sympathizers. None of the cases of spies in this chapter are very convincing.


Q for 40.3: “Is it fair to say that the anxiety caused in the US due to nuclear threat, was useful and ‘healthy’?”


The anxiety caused by nuclear threat created the Civil Defense System. The purpose of C.D.S was to prepare Americans to protect themselves. However, on June 14, 1955, a nuclear drill was held and nobody paid attention. The New York Times said the millions of citizens would have died if the drill were a real attack.

Sem2.HW4

"How does the CIA's activities in Iran show that the US behaves undemocratically in its foreign policy?"

The action of the CIA in Iran, 1953, was contrary to what the U.S attempted to spread over the world; democrarcy. The U.S conducted the coup de tat, overthrew Mossadegh and let Shah come back into power as their puppet. Mossadegh was elected democratically which was ideal to the U.S, however, the U.S violated their belief for their benefit.

Sem2.HW3

1. "How convincing was America's attempts to influence other parts of the world to side with them in the Cold War?" [39.4]

The United States designed propaganda to raise fears of communism and highlight the benefits of capitalist democracy, created the United States Information Agency, or USIA, in 1953. They also helped other countries in order to side with them, used foreign aid and covert action.


2. "How wise were America's decisions to produce advanced weapons during the Cold War's first 20 years?"[39.5]

The point which the U.S felt need of advanced weapons caused arms race, invented H-bombs, nuclear missiles and submarines in 1960s, the threat of nuclear permitted U.S to use its advantage. The U.S conducted a new strategy called deterrence which could guarantee American nuclear superiority and it brought Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD) out.

Sem2.HW2

The events below show how the U.S contained the spread of Communism and why.

The fall of China to the communists ended U.S. hopes and it made U.S isolate China, cut off trade with. The U.S also helped Chaing out who was a leader of Formosa and a nationalist as well. Finally, they had a collision in Korea War militarily and made Japan as an ally.

Sem2.HW1

The concept of the Iron Curtain symbolized the ideological and physical boundary dividing Europe into two separate areas from the end of World War II in 1945 until the end of the Cold War in 1991. If he didn't give a speech, then Stalin wouldn't take reaction to it as hegemony.


The Truman Doctrine (1947) pledged to support the resistance of free people against communism. The Truman Doctrine, however, also tied the contest for political power to economics; the Marshall Plan. If Marshall Plan was conducted differently and Eastern Europe was included, then the Soviets Union may not have escalated the Cold War.

Citation : Coffin, Judith G., & Stacey, Robert C. (2005) Western civilizations: their history & their culture, Brief ed. New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc.